Abstract

Health monitoring is essential to ensure laboratory animal welfare and the reliability of experimental data in zebrafish research facilities. Conventional surveillance strategies based on resident or sentinel fish have limitations in terms of sensitivity and animal use, highlighting the need for alternative approaches consistent with the 3Rs principles. In this perspective, the present study evaluated the use of sludge collected from recirculating aquaculture systems as an environmental matrix for molecular health monitoring. Because sludge accumulates microorganisms and organic material from the entire system, it represents a promising sample for pathogen detection. Following an initial environmental surveillance phase to detect pathogens present in the system, the study aimed to optimise a molecular protocol for sludge analysis. To this end, four commercial DNA extraction kits were evaluated to assess their effectiveness in recovering bacterial DNA from sludge. Their performance was analysed by quantitative PCR in terms of extraction efficiency, repeatability, and limit of detection. The results highlighted the strengths and limitations of each DNA extraction protocol and confirmed the suitability of sludge as a non-lethal matrix for pathogen detection. These findings support the implementation of environmental monitoring as a practical and cost-effective alternative to sentinel-based surveillance, improving pathogen detection while reducing animal use in accordance with the 3Rs principles and Directive 2010/63/EU.